Sidney Poitier, the groundbreaking actor and enduring inspiration who transformed how Black people were portrayed on screen, became the first Black actor to win an Academy Award for best lead performance and the first to be a top box-office draw, has died. He was 94.

Poitier, winner of the best actor Oscar in 1964 for 鈥淟ilies of the Field,鈥� died Thursday in the Bahamas, according to Eugene Torchon-Newry, acting director general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Bahamas.

Few movie stars, Black or white, had such an influence both on and off the screen. Before Poitier, the son of Bahamian tomato farmers, no Black actor had a sustained career as a lead performer or could get a film produced based on his own star power. Before Poitier, few Black actors were permitted a break from the stereotypes of bug-eyed servants and grinning entertainers. Before Poitier, Hollywood filmmakers rarely even attempted to tell a Black person鈥檚 story.

Poitier鈥檚 rise mirrored profound changes in the country in the 1950s and 1960s. As racial attitudes evolved during the civil rights era and segregation laws were challenged and fell, Poitier was the performer to whom a cautious industry turned for stories of progress.

He was the escaped Black convict who befriends a racist white prisoner (Tony Curtis) in 鈥淭he Defiant Ones.鈥� He was the courtly office worker who falls in love with a blind white girl in 鈥淎 Patch of Blue.鈥� He was the handyman in 鈥淟ilies of the Field鈥� who builds a church for a group of nuns. In one of the great roles of the stage and screen, he was the ambitious young father whose dreams clashed with those of other family members in Lorraine Hansberry鈥檚 鈥淎 Raisin in the Sun.鈥�

Debates about diversity in Hollywood inevitably turn to the story of Poitier. With his handsome, flawless face; intense stare and disciplined style, he was for years not just the most popular Black movie star, but the only one.

鈥淚 made films when the only other Black on the lot was the shoeshine boy,鈥� he recalled in a 1988 亚洲天堂week interview. 鈥淚 was kind of the lone guy in town.鈥�

Poitier peaked in 1967 with three of the year鈥檚 most notable movies: 鈥淭o Sir, With Love,鈥� in which he starred as a school teacher who wins over his unruly students at a London secondary school; 鈥淚n the Heat of the Night,鈥� as the determined police detective Virgil Tibbs; and in 鈥淕uess Who鈥檚 Coming to Dinner,鈥� as the prominent doctor who wishes to marry a young white woman he only recently met, her parents played by Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn in their final film together.

Theater owners named Poitier the No. 1 star of 1967, the first time a Black actor topped the list. In 2009 President Barack Obama, whose own steady bearing was sometimes compared to Poitier鈥檚, awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, saying that the actor 鈥渘ot only entertained but enlightened 鈥� revealing the power of the silver screen to bring us closer together.鈥�

His appeal brought him burdens not unlike such other historical figures as Jackie Robinson and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. He was subjected to bigotry from whites and accusations of compromise from the Black community. Poitier was held, and held himself, to standards well above his white peers. He refused to play cowards and took on characters, especially in 鈥淕uess Who鈥檚 Coming to Dinner,鈥� of almost divine goodness. He developed a steady, but resolved and occasionally humorous persona crystallized in his most famous line 鈥� 鈥淭hey call me Mr. Tibbs!鈥� 鈥� from 鈥淚n the Heat of the Night.鈥�

鈥淎ll those who see unworthiness when they look at me and are given thereby to denying me value 鈥� to you I say, 鈥業鈥檓 not talking about being as good as you. I hereby declare myself better than you,鈥欌�� he wrote in his memoir, 鈥淭he Measure of a Man,鈥� published in 2000.

But even in his prime he was criticized for being out of touch. He was called an Uncle Tom and a 鈥渕illion-dollar shoeshine boy.鈥� In 1967, The New York Times published Black playwright Clifford Mason鈥檚 essay, 鈥淲hy Does White America Love Sidney Poitier So?鈥� Mason dismissed Poitier鈥檚 films as 鈥渁 schizophrenic flight from historical fact鈥� and the actor as a pawn for the 鈥渨hite man鈥檚 sense of what鈥檚 wrong with the world.鈥�

Stardom didn鈥檛 shield Poitier from racism and condescension. He had a hard time finding housing in Los Angeles and was followed by the Ku Klux Klan when he visited Mississippi in 1964, not long after three civil rights workers had been murdered there. In interviews, journalists often ignored his work and asked him instead about race and current events.

鈥淚 am an artist, man, American, contemporary,鈥� he snapped during a 1967 press conference. 鈥淚 am an awful lot of things, so I wish you would pay me the respect due.鈥�

Poitier was not as engaged politically as his friend and contemporary Harry Belafonte, leading to occasional conflicts between them. But he participated in the 1963 March on Washington and other civil rights events, and as an actor defended himself and risked his career. He refused to sign loyalty oaths during the 1950s, when Hollywood was barring suspected Communists, and turned down roles he found offensive.

鈥淎lmost all the job opportunities were reflective of the stereotypical perception of Blacks that had infected the whole consciousness of the country,鈥� he recalled. 鈥淚 came with an inability to do those things. It just wasn鈥檛 in me. I had chosen to use my work as a reflection of my values.鈥�

Poitier鈥檚 films were usually about personal triumphs rather than broad political themes, but the classic Poitier role, from 鈥淚n the Heat of the Night鈥� to 鈥淕uess Who鈥檚 Coming to Dinner,鈥� was as a Black man of such decency and composure 鈥� Poitier became synonymous with the word 鈥渄ignified鈥� 鈥� that he wins over the whites opposed to him.

His screen career faded in the late 1960s as political movements, Black and white, became more radical and movies more explicit. He acted less often, gave fewer interviews and began directing, his credits including the Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder farce 鈥淪tir Crazy,鈥� 鈥淏uck and the Preacher鈥� (co-starring Poitier and Belafonte) and the Bill Cosby comedies 鈥淯ptown Saturday Night鈥� and 鈥淟et鈥檚 Do It Again.鈥�

In the 1980s and 鈥�90s, he appeared in the feature films 鈥淪neakers鈥� and 鈥淭he Jackal鈥� and several television movies, receiving an Emmy and Golden Globe nomination as future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall in 鈥淪eparate But Equal鈥� and an Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Nelson Mandela in 鈥淢andela and De Klerk.鈥� Theatergoers were reminded of the actor through an acclaimed play that featured him in name only: John Guare鈥檚 鈥淪ix Degrees of Separation,鈥� about a con artist claiming to be Poitier鈥檚 son.

In recent years, a new generation learned of him through Oprah Winfrey, who chose 鈥淭he Measure of a Man鈥� for her book club. Meanwhile, he welcomed the rise of such Black stars as Denzel Washington, Will Smith and Danny Glover: 鈥淚t鈥檚 like the cavalry coming to relieve the troops! You have no idea how pleased I am,鈥� he said.

Poitier received numerous honorary prizes, including a lifetime achievement award from the American Film Institute and a special Academy Award in 2002, on the same night that Black performers won both best acting awards, Washington for 鈥淭raining Day鈥� and Halle Berry for 鈥淢onster鈥檚 Ball.鈥�

鈥淚鈥檒l always be chasing you, Sidney,鈥� Washington, who had earlier presented the honorary award to Poitier, said during his acceptance speech. 鈥淚鈥檒l always be following in your footsteps. There鈥檚 nothing I would rather do, sir, nothing I would rather do.鈥�

Poitier had four daughters with his first wife, Juanita Hardy, and two with his second wife, actress Joanna Shimkus, who starred with him in his 1969 film 鈥淭he Lost Man.鈥� Daughter Sydney Tamaii Poitier appeared on such television series as 鈥淰eronica Mars鈥� and 鈥淢r. Knight.鈥�

His life ended in adulation, but it began in hardship. Poitier was born prematurely, weighing just 3 pounds, in Miami, where his parents had gone to deliver tomatoes from their farm on tiny Cat Island in the Bahamas. He spent his early years on the remote island, which had a population of 1,500 and no electricity, and he quit school at 12 1/2 to help support the family. Three years later, he was sent to live with a brother in Miami; his father was concerned that the street life of Nassau was a bad influence. With $3 in his pocket, Sidney traveled steerage on a mail-cargo ship.

鈥淭he smell in that portion of the boat was so horrendous that I spent a goodly part of the crossing heaving over the side,鈥� he told The Associated Press in 1999, adding that Miami soon educated him about racism. 鈥淚 learned quite quickly that there were places I couldn鈥檛 go, that I would be questioned if I wandered into various neighborhoods.鈥�

Poitier moved to Harlem and was so overwhelmed by his first winter there he enlisted in the Army, cheating on his age and swearing he was 18 when he had yet to turn 17. Assigned to a mental hospital on Long Island, Poitier was appalled at how cruelly the doctors and nurses treated the soldier patients. In his 1980 autobiography, 鈥淭his Life,鈥� he related how he escaped the Army by feigning insanity.

Back in Harlem, he was looking in the Amsterdam 亚洲天堂 for a dishwasher job when he noticed an ad seeking actors at the American Negro Theater. He went there and was handed a script and told to go on the stage. Poitier had never seen a play in his life and could barely read. He stumbled through his lines in a thick Caribbean accent and the director marched him to the door.

鈥淎s I walked to the bus, what humiliated me was the suggestion that all he could see in me was a dishwasher. If I submitted to him, I would be aiding him in making that perception a prophetic one,鈥� Poitier later told the AP.

鈥淚 got so pissed, I said, 鈥業鈥檓 going to become an actor 鈥� whatever that is. I don鈥檛 want to be an actor, but I鈥檝e got to become one to go back there and show him that I could be more than a dishwasher.鈥� That became my goal.鈥�

The process took months as he sounded out words from the newspaper. Poitier returned to the American Negro Theater and was again rejected. Then he made a deal: He would act as janitor for the theater in return for acting lessons. When he was released again, his fellow students urged the teachers to let him be in the class play. Another Caribbean, Belafonte, was cast in the lead. When Belafonte couldn鈥檛 make a preview performance because it conflicted with his own janitorial duties, his understudy, Poitier, went on.

The audience included a Broadway producer who cast him in an all-Black version of 鈥淟ysistrata.鈥� The play lasted four nights, but rave reviews for Poitier won him an understudy job in 鈥淎nna Lucasta,鈥� and later he played the lead in the road company. In 1950, he broke through on screen in 鈥淣o Way Out,鈥� playing a doctor whose patient, a white man, dies and is then harassed by the patient鈥檚 bigoted brother, played by Richard Widmark.

Key early films included 鈥淏lackboard Jungle,鈥� featuring Poitier as a tough high school student (the actor was well into his 20s at the time) in a violent school; and 鈥淭he Defiant Ones,鈥� which brought Poitier his first best actor nomination, and the first one for any Black male. The theme of cultural differences turned lighthearted in 鈥淟ilies of the Field,鈥� in which Poitier played a Baptist handyman who builds a chapel for a group of Roman Catholic nuns, refugees from Germany. In one memorable scene, he gives them an English lesson.

The only Black actor before Poitier to win a competitive Oscar was Hattie McDaniel, the 1939 best supporting actress for 鈥淕one With the Wind.鈥� No one, including Poitier, thought 鈥淟ilies of the Field鈥� his best film, but the times were right (Congress would soon pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, for which Poitier had lobbied) and the actor was favored even against such competitors as Paul Newman for 鈥淗ud鈥� and Albert Finney for 鈥淭om Jones.鈥� Newman was among those rooting for Poitier.

When presenter Anne Bancroft announced his victory, the audience cheered for so long that Poitier momentarily forgot his speech. 鈥淚t has been a long journey to this moment,鈥� he declared.

Poitier never pretended that his Oscar was 鈥渁 magic wand鈥� for Black performers, as he observed after his victory, and he shared his critics鈥� frustration with some of the roles he took on, confiding that his characters were sometimes so unsexual they became kind of 鈥渘euter.鈥� But he also believed himself fortunate and encouraged those who followed him.

鈥淭o the young African American filmmakers who have arrived on the playing field, I am filled with pride you are here. I am sure, like me, you have discovered it was never impossible, it was just harder,鈥� he said in 1992 as he received a lifetime achievement award from the American Film Institute. 鈥�

鈥淲elcome, young Blacks. Those of us who go before you glance back with satisfaction and leave you with a simple trust: Be true to yourselves and be useful to the journey.鈥�

鈥擧illel Italie, The Associated Press