Hawaii鈥檚 Kilauea volcano could soon send boulders and ash shooting out of its summit crater in the kind of explosive eruption last displayed nearly a century ago.
Scientists said Wednesday the risks of an explosive summit eruption will rise in coming weeks as magma drains down the flank of the volcano toward the area where began erupting lava in a residential neighbourhood last week.
A summit explosion could also release ash, steam and sulfur dioxide emissions.
Kilauea has destroyed 36 structures 鈥� including 26 homes 鈥� since it began releasing lava from vents about 25 miles (40 kilometres) east of the summit crater. There are now 15 of the vents spread through Leilani Estates and neighbouring Lanipuna Gardens.
Hawaii Gov. David Ige said a geothermal energy plant near the lava outbreak was accelerating its removal of stored flammable gas.
The Puna Geothermal Venture plant has about 50,000 gallons (189,270 litres) of pentane on site but he expected this would all be removed by the end of the day Thursday.
It would be 鈥渧ery, very hazardous鈥� if a volcanic vent were to open under the facility where the fuel is stored, the governor said.
The plant, which is owned by Ormat Technologies of Reno, Nevada, is across the highway from where lava has been erupting.
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In the weeks ahead, the summit crater could eject blocks up to 2 yards (1.8 metres) in diameter a little less than a mile (1.6 kilometres) away, the United States Geological Survey said. It may also send pebbles shooting into the air several miles away, the USGS said. Distant towns such as Hilo, about 30 miles (48 kilometres) away, could get a dusting of ash.
The receding lava lake resembles conditions seen before a major summit eruption in 1924, said Tina Neal, scientist-in-charge at the USGS Hawaiian Volcanoes Observatory.
That explosion killed one person and sent rocks, ash and dust into the air for 17 days.
This event could occur again when the summit lava lake drops so low that groundwater is able to flow into the conduit that feeds magma to the crater. The magma would heat the water, sending steam into the air that would push any accumulated rocks out in an explosion.
Don Swanson, a geologist with the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, said the magma is likely to drop below the water table around the middle of the month. Scientists don鈥檛 know how long after that it an explosion could occur.
鈥淲e suspect it鈥檚 a rapid process. We really don鈥檛 know for certain,鈥� he told reporters on a conference call.
No one lives in the immediate area of the summit crater. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, which includes the crater and surrounding region, announced Wednesday that it will shut down Friday in anticipation of the possible explosive event.
鈥淚t seems pretty safe to me right now but they鈥檇 know best,鈥� said Cindy Woodd, who was visiting from British Columbia, Canada. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 know what鈥檚 going on underground. Life and safety is what鈥檚 most important.鈥�
Authorities previously ordered nearly 2,000 residents to leave the neighbourhoods in and around the vents in the mostly rural district of Puna. But some ignored the order and stayed to watch over their property. Authorities went door-to-door in Lanipuna to get people out of their homes on Tuesday.
Police said Wednesday they arrested a man suspected of burglarizing homes in Leilani Estates. A resident saw the man leaving his house when he returned to retrieve personal belongings. The resident and a friend took the suspect to police officers who arrested him.
Some residents have refused to follow evacuation orders because of fears their homes will be looted.
McAvoy reported from Honolulu. Associated Press journalists Caleb Jones, Haven Daley and Jennifer Sinco Kelleher in Honolulu contributed to this report.
Sophia Yan And Audrey McAvoy, The Associated Press
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