Unions trying to organize at Amazon workplaces across Canada are facing a series of hurdles, including legal challenges and alleged anti-union tactics from the e-commerce giant.

Labour laws in Canada are generally stronger than those south of the border, where unions also face an uphill battle, experts say.

But Adam King, an assistant professor in the labour studies department at the University of Manitoba, says that isn鈥檛 enough to guarantee successful unionization efforts here.

鈥淲hen you have an employer who鈥檚 as committed to remaining union-free as Amazon is, even those relatively better labour laws are not sufficient.鈥�

Amazon has challenged multiple steps of the certification process at several warehouses in Canada. It has been accused by unions of employing tactics to prevent workers from organizing, such as workplace messages and hiring sprees, which the company denies.

鈥淥ur employees have the right to choose to join a union or not to do so. They always have,鈥� Amazon spokeswoman Barbara Agrait said in a statement, responding to characterizations of Amazon as anti-union.

She added that Amazon doesn鈥檛 think unions are the best option for its employees.

鈥淲e favour opportunities for each person to be respected and valued as an individual, and to have their unique voice heard by working directly with our team,鈥� Agrait said.

In Canada, just one Amazon warehouse is unionized 鈥� a location in Laval, Que., certified in May with the Conf茅d茅ration des syndicats nationaux (CSN).

The limited progress in Canada comes after a historic unionization in the U.S. in 2022, when workers in the New York borough of Staten Island certified with the Amazon Labor Union. Amazon鈥檚 challenge of the unionization was rejected last week by the National Labor Relations Board.

That location is the only unionized Amazon warehouse in the U.S., and it doesn鈥檛 have a contract yet.

Experts say Canada鈥檚 labour laws prevent similar delays from happening here since most jurisdictions have what鈥檚 known as first-contract arbitration, where parties can request arbitration for a first collective agreement.

Because of first-contract arbitration, in the Laval case Amazon is 鈥渂asically facing a choice of negotiating an agreement or having one imposed on them,鈥� said Barry Eidlin, an associate professor of sociology at McGill University.

Negotiations for a first contract at the Laval warehouse are underway, but Amazon has challenged the unionization, arguing the process violated workers鈥� freedom of association because a secret vote was not held.

In Quebec and British Columbia, workers can be automatically certified without a vote if a certain proportion of the workforce signs union cards, a law known as card-check certification. The Laval warehouse was certified through this process.

鈥淭he Quebec labour laws 鈥� make a real difference,鈥� said Caroline Senneville, president of the CSN. She said card-check certification is one of several provisions that help strengthen a union鈥檚 position leading up to certification and during the bargaining process.

Eidlin called Amazon鈥檚 challenge of the Laval union certification 鈥渕ind-blowing.鈥�

鈥淭hey鈥檙e basically saying that they know Canadian labour law better than the Canadian Supreme Court,鈥� he said.

The Laval location isn鈥檛 the only one where the CSN is working to represent Amazon employees.

At a warehouse in the Montreal borough of Lachine, the province鈥檚 labour tribunal recently ordered Amazon to cease interfering in union affairs and pay the union $30,000, ruling it communicated anti-union messages to workers, though the tribunal also rejected a claim that the company had threatened and intimidated employees.

In the decision, the judge said many of the workers are immigrants with precarious status who may be unsure of labour laws, making them potentially susceptible to misunderstanding certain messages from their employer about unionization.

Agrait said Amazon strongly disagrees with 鈥渢he limited finding that our factual communications with employees about the process were somehow improper,鈥� and said the company is challenging that part of the decision.

鈥淲e believe it鈥檚 important to share facts and information with employees so they can make free and educated decisions about representation,鈥� she said.

The judge鈥檚 characterization of the Amazon workforce is accurate, said Mostafa Henaway, an organizer with the Immigrant Workers Centre in Montreal who researches Amazon workers at Concordia University and who previously wrote about his own experience working at the Laval warehouse.

Workers may be wary of unions because they don鈥檛 want to 鈥渞ock the boat,鈥� he said.

鈥楻unning out of options鈥�

On the other side of the country, another union is embroiled in an unfair labour practice complaint against Amazon.

Unifor applied to certify an Amazon warehouse in Delta, B.C., and a confidential vote was held at the end of May.

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The results of that vote are sealed due to Unifor鈥檚 complaint, which alleges Amazon ramped up hiring to try to dilute union support.

The union also alleges Amazon engaged in anti-union efforts similar to those addressed by Quebec鈥檚 labour tribunal, in particular anti-union messaging.

The company has denied the allegations.

Justin Gniposky, Unifor鈥檚 director of organizing, said Amazon initially sought to prevent the vote from going ahead, unsuccessfully.

The company then asked for the current complaint to be dismissed, also unsuccessfully, he said. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e running out of options on this.鈥�

Amazon鈥檚 Agrait said the company believes the decision to call a vote at the Delta warehouse 鈥渦ndermines the rights of the majority of our employees in Vancouver who chose not to sign cards.鈥�

The alleged anti-union tactics described by Unifor and CSN are 鈥渟traight out of the Amazon playbook,鈥� said Eidlin.

鈥淲e鈥檝e known for years that this is a viciously anti-union company, and they basically are going to try every trick in the book.鈥�

First contract could be 鈥榣itmus test鈥�

Achieving a contract in Laval would show workers at other warehouses that 鈥渋t can be done,鈥� Senneville said, adding the main bargaining priorities are health and safety and pay.

Amazon offers competitive pay and benefits, Agrait says, and it provides comprehensive health and safety training and resources.

Experts say getting a first contract at the Laval warehouse could be a breakthrough for organizing efforts across the country.

鈥淨uebec is going to be really a litmus test,鈥� said Henaway, adding he鈥檚 hopeful Amazon will be pressured into negotiating.

But King believes unions will need to work together in order to have success on a wider scale.

鈥淭o really bring Amazon to the table might require a level of co-ordination that unions in North America are not necessarily accustomed to,鈥� he said.

鈥� With files from The Associated Press

Rosa Saba, The Canadian Press