Prime Minister Justin Trudeau held firm Tuesday to the lines drawn in sand three decades ago as the latest push to preserve a North American Free Trade Agreement 鈥� one that still includes Canada 鈥� was poised to unfold.

Trudeau said Canadians will not sign onto a deal that does not include a dispute resolution mechanism and exemptions for cultural industries 鈥� two positions that were among the pillars of the original 1988 Canada-U.S. free trade deal.

The prime minister staked out Canada鈥檚 ground as a fresh Oct. 1 deadline and the encroaching American midterm elections cast a shadow over Wednesday鈥檚 resumption of negotiations in Washington. Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland is to resume talks with U.S. trade czar Robert Lighthizer, whom she has praised as a 鈥済ood faith鈥� negotiator in the face of President Donald Trump鈥檚 Twitter barrages.

Faced with an unpredictable U.S. president ready to strike on Twitter, Trudeau said the dispute resolution mechanism in Chapter 19 ensures trade rules are followed.

鈥淲e鈥檝e said from the very beginning that we need a dispute resolution mechanism like Chapter 19 and we will hold firm on that,鈥� Trudeau told reporters in Vancouver.

鈥淲e will not sign a deal that is bad for Canadians and, quite frankly, not having a Chapter 19 to ensure that the rules are followed would be bad for Canadians.鈥�

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Chapter 19 allows for independent panels to resolve disputes between companies. The Trump administration views it as an infringement of U.S. sovereignty.

It was the hill that former Progressive Conservative prime minister Brian Mulroney was willing to die on during the final hours of the original Canada-U.S. free trade deal in 1988. After consulting with Mulroney over the weekend, Trudeau made clear he shares that view.

The prime minister also said his government won鈥檛 sign an updated free trade accord with the U.S. and Mexico if the deal doesn鈥檛 continue exemptions for Canada鈥檚 cultural industries, which aims to protect Canada鈥檚 publishing and broadcast industries.

That too was entrenched in the original Canada-U.S. free trade deal that preceded NAFTA. Giving up the exemptions would be tantamount to giving up Canadian sovereignty and identity, Trudeau said.

鈥淚t is inconceivable to Canadians that an American network might buy Canadian media affiliates, whether it鈥檚 newspapers or TV stations or TV networks,鈥� he said.

鈥淪o we鈥檝e made it very clear that defending that cultural exemption is something that is fundamental to Canadians.鈥�

Canada and the U.S. need to present a text to the U.S. Congress by Oct. 1 in order to join the deal the Trump administration signed with Mexico last week, trade analysts say.

The overall goal is to reach a deal by Dec. 1 so Congress can give its approval to a new NAFTA before Mexico鈥檚 new president takes office.

Otherwise, Trump is threatening to move ahead on a deal with Mexico that excludes Canada.

Canada enters Wednesday鈥檚 talks with some strength on preserving Chapter 19 because American companies need its anti-dumping safeguards more than Canada鈥檚, according to Toronto trade lawyer Cyndee Todgham Cherniak.

Foreign companies seeking relief through Canada鈥檚 Federal Court of Appeal are often repeatedly coming up empty handed, said Todgham Cherniak, a former federal tax court adviser.

She said that鈥檚 because a recent ruling by the court emphasized that it did not have jurisdiction under the Special Import Measures Act to change so-called 鈥渄umping margins.鈥�

Canadian negotiators are also trying to protect Canada鈥檚 dairy sector from American demands in NAFTA renegotiations.

The two sides broke off talks Friday as Trump formally notified Congress of the deal with Mexico, saying Canada might join later.

But in recent days he has become more aggressive towards Canada on Twitter 鈥� bluster that some trade experts are dismissing as a predictable negotiating tactic.

On Saturday, Trump said there is 鈥渘o political necessity鈥� to keep Canada in NAFTA and he warned Congress not to interfere or he would kill the pact.

U.S. business and labour leaders have warned Trump not to dump Canada from NAFTA.

Trump鈥檚 鈥渂ombastic rhetoric鈥� ought to be ignored because he has no power to override the opposition in Congress to exclude Canada, and he needs 60-days notice to terminate NAFTA, said Derek Holt, vice-president and head of capital markets at Scotiabank Global Economics.

Holt wrote in a Tuesday note that Congress will not allow Trump 鈥渢o skirt past Canada in NAFTA negotiations given the long line-ups of members of Congress 鈥� Democrats and Republicans 鈥� saying they will not support a bilateral deal鈥� with Mexico.

With the U.S. midterms eight weeks away, and Trump facing pressure to maintain the Republican hold on the House and Senate, the influence of Congress will permeate the resumption of Wednesday鈥檚 talks.

Congress must approve any rewrite of the deal and could refuse to endorse an agreement that excludes Canada. But that鈥檚 not set in stone, said Dan Ujczo, an Ohio-based trade lawyer with Dickinson Wright.

鈥淐ongress will support Canada throughout September,鈥� he said. 鈥淎fter that, Congress will have a tough choice to make in terms of going forward with a good deal with Mexico, opening Mexico鈥檚 agricultural markets as we brace for the long haul with China.鈥�

At a Liberal party fundraiser in Surrey, B.C., Tuesday night, Trudeau avoided trade talk, instead outlining the approach the Liberal party will take in the coming election.

Speaking to dozens of supporters at a posh banquet hall, he said he believes his party won the 2015 election by putting out a message of positivity. He also condemned the rise of what he called 鈥漚ggressive nationalism.

鈥淲e see there is a tendency to exploit short term emotions as a way of getting that capacity to govern. But one of the things that we know is that once you鈥檝e gone and divided citizens into small groups 鈥� it actually hurts you capacity to govern for the good of all,鈥� said Trudeau.

He also noted the seven-year sentence handed down to two Reuters reporters in Myanmar and pointed to reporters gathered at the fundraiser, saying the Liberal party believes it鈥檚 important to be transparent about the messages it sends to its donors.

鈥淚 want everyone to reflect on the fact that it is absolutely essential in any democracy to have a strong, empowered independent media,鈥� he said.

鈥� with files from Amy Smart in Vancouver

Mike Blanchfield, The Canadian Press

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