Grape growers have long sought to protect their crops from the effects of wildfire smoke and new research from UBC鈥檚 Okanagan campus is giving them new insights.
In a recent study, researchers at UBC Okanagan and their industrial partner Supra Research and Development examined what happens to wine grapes after they are exposed to wildfire smoke. They determined that volatile phenols鈥攃hemicals in the smoke that can give wine an off-putting smoky flavour and aroma known as smoke taint鈥攁re absorbed quickly and remain in the grape long after the smoke has cleared.
鈥淭he biology of how wine grapes respond to smoke exposure is poorly understood,鈥� said Wesley Zandberg, assistant professor of chemistry at UBC鈥檚 Okanagan campus, in a press release.
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鈥淲inemakers know that grapes grown in smoky conditions can lead to smoky-flavoured wine although the grapes themselves taste normal, and how or why this happens has largely remained a mystery.鈥�
To better understand the process, Zandberg worked with PhD student Matthew Noestheden and research associate Eric Dennis to collect samples of Cabernet Franc grapes after exposing them to simulated forest fire smoke. They then tested for the presence of volatile phenols at several time points after smoke exposure and in wine made from the same grapes.
鈥淲e found that once the grapes were exposed to smoke, the volatile phenols were rapidly metabolized by the grape and stored, in part, in a sugary form that we can鈥檛 taste or smell,鈥� said Noestheden. 鈥淥nce there, the concentrations remained unchanged in the grape throughout its development. Only when the grapes were fermented into wine could the smoky-flavoured volatile phenols be detected.鈥�
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To ensure the experiments mimicked the real world as closely as possible, Zandberg, Dennis and Noestheden were careful to expose the grapes to smoke from locally sourced fuels, including Ponderosa pine and leaf litter from local forests.
鈥淭he composition of smoke can vary wildly depending on regional vegetation,鈥� said Noestheden. 鈥淔or example, Australian wildfires predominantly burn species of eucalyptus and wild grasses, which is very different from what we鈥檇 see in western North America. To benefit the local wine industry, we wanted to make sure we measured how grapes were reacting to 鈥榣ocal smoke鈥�.鈥�
In addition to measuring volatile phenols in grapes over time, the team also tested whether overhead irrigation, a potential strategy to mitigate the effect of smoke exposure on grapes, was effective in reducing their presence.
鈥淲e washed the berries to simulate the use of an overhead irrigation system and we were surprised to learn that it didn鈥檛 seem to affect the concentration of volatile phenols at all,鈥� said Zandberg. 鈥淭he good news is that our study provides all the procedures and protocols necessary to test new mitigation strategies in the future. We intend to pursue these with our industrial partner, Supra Research and Development.鈥�
Zandberg also said that they discovered something they weren鈥檛 expecting.
While the amount of free volatile phenols that can be detected by taste and/or smell increased in the wine when compared to the grapes, so too did the sugary forms, which are not detectable by taste or smell.
鈥淲e expected to see the sugary forms of the volatile phenols decreasing in the wine as the free versions increase, the latter being directly produced by the former, but instead we saw them both increassaid Zandberg. 鈥淭hat means something else is going on and the story may be more complicated than we think.鈥�
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