Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the diplomat with the thick glasses and gravelly voice who dominated foreign policy as the United States extricated itself from Vietnam and broke down barriers with China, died Wednesday, his consulting firm said. He was 100.

With his and behind-the-scenes manipulation of power, Kissinger exerted uncommon influence on global affairs under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, earning both vilification and the Nobel Peace Prize. Decades later, over foreign policy landmarks long past.

Kissinger鈥檚 power grew during the turmoil of Watergate, when the politically attuned diplomat assumed a role akin to co-president to the weakened Nixon.

鈥淣o doubt my vanity was piqued,鈥� Kissinger later wrote of his expanding influence. 鈥淏ut the dominant emotion was a premonition of catastrophe.鈥�

A Jew who fled Nazi Germany with his family in his teens, Kissinger in his later years , giving speeches, offering advice to Republicans and Democrats alike and managing a global consulting business. He turned up in President Donald Trump鈥檚 White House on multiple occasions. But Nixon-era documents and tapes, as they trickled out over the years, brought revelations 鈥� many in Kissinger鈥檚 own words 鈥� that sometimes cast him in a harsh light.

Never without his detractors, Kissinger after he left government was dogged by critics who argued that he should be called to account for his policies on Southeast Asia and support of repressive regimes in Latin America.

For eight restless years 鈥� first as national security adviser, later as secretary of state, and for a time in the middle holding both titles 鈥� Kissinger ranged across the breadth of major foreign policy issues. He conducted the first 鈥渟huttle diplomacy鈥� in the quest for Middle East peace. He used secret channels to pursue ties between the United States and China, ending decades of isolation and mutual hostility.

He initiated the Paris negotiations that ultimately provided a face-saving means 鈥� a 鈥渄ecent interval,鈥� he called it 鈥� to get the United States out of a costly war in Vietnam. Two years later, Saigon fell to the communists.

And he pursued a policy of detente with the Soviet Union that led to arms control agreements and raised the possibility that the tensions of the Cold War and its nuclear threat did not have to last forever.

At age 99, he was still out on tour for his book on leadership. Asked in July 2022 interview with ABC whether he wished he could take back any of his decisions, Kissinger demurred, saying: 鈥淚鈥檝e been thinking about these problems all my life. It鈥檚 my hobby as well as my occupation. And so the recommendations I made were the best of which I was then capable.鈥�

Even then, he had mixed thoughts on Nixon鈥檚 record, saying 鈥渉is foreign policy has held up and he was quite effective in domestic policy鈥� while allowing that the disgraced president had 鈥減ermitted himself to be involved in a number of steps that were inappropriate for a president.鈥�

As Kissinger turned 100 in May 2023, his son David wrote in The Washington Post that his father鈥檚 centenary 鈥渕ight have an air of inevitability for anyone familiar with his force of character and love of historical symbolism. Not only has he outlived most of his peers, eminent detractors and students, but he has also remained indefatigably active throughout his 90s.鈥�

Asked during a CBS interview in the leadup to his 100th birthday about those who view his conduct of foreign policy over the years as a kind of 鈥渃riminality,鈥� Kissinger was nothing but dismissive.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 a reflection of their ignorance,鈥� Kissinger said. 鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 conceived that way. It wasn鈥檛 conducted that way.鈥�

Kissinger continued his involvement in global affairs even in his last months. He met Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Beijing in July, as bilateral relations were at a low point. And 50 years after his shuttle diplomacy helped end the , when Israel fended off a surprise attack from Egypt and Syria, Kissinger warned of the of that conflict repeating itself after Israel faced a surprise assault by Hamas on Oct. 7.

Tributes for Kissinger from prominent U.S. officials poured in immediately upon word of his death. Former President George W. Bush said the U.S. 鈥渓ost one of the most dependable and distinctive voices on foreign affairs鈥� and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Kissinger was 鈥渆ndlessly generous with the wisdom gained over the course of an extraordinary life.鈥�

Kissinger鈥檚 consulting firm said he died at his home in Connecticut.

Kissinger was a practitioner of realpolitik 鈥� using diplomacy to achieve practical objectives rather than advance lofty ideals. Supporters said his pragmatic bent served U.S. interests; critics saw a Machiavellian approach that ran counter to democratic ideals.

He was castigated for authorizing telephone wiretaps of reporters and his own National Security Council staff to plug news leaks in Nixon鈥檚 White House. He was denounced on college campuses for the bombing and allied invasion of Cambodia in April 1970, intended to destroy North Vietnamese supply lines to communist forces in South Vietnam.

That 鈥渋ncursion,鈥� as Nixon and Kissinger called it, was blamed by some for contributing to Cambodia鈥檚 fall into the hands of Khmer Rouge insurgents who later slaughtered some 2 million Cambodians.

Kissinger, for his part, made it his mission to debunk what he referred to in 2007 as a 鈥減revalent myth鈥� 鈥� that he and Nixon had settled in 1972 for peace terms that had been available in 1969 and thus had needlessly prolonged the Vietnam War at the cost of tens of thousands of American and Vietnamese lives.

He insisted that the only way to speed up the withdrawal would have been to agree to Hanoi鈥檚 demands that the U.S. overthrow the South Vietnamese government and replace it with communist-dominated leadership.

Pudgy and messy, Kissinger incongruously acquired a reputation as a ladies鈥� man in the staid Nixon administration. Kissinger, who had divorced his first wife in 1964, called women 鈥渁 diversion, a hobby.鈥� Jill St. John was a frequent companion. But it turned out his real love interest was Nancy Maginnes, a researcher for Nelson Rockefeller whom he married in 1974.

In a 1972 poll of Playboy Club Bunnies, the man dubbed 鈥淪uper-K鈥� by 亚洲天堂week finished first as 鈥渢he man I would most like to go out on a date with.鈥�

Kissinger鈥檚 explanation: 鈥淧ower is the ultimate aphrodisiac.鈥�

Yet Kissinger was reviled by many Americans for his conduct of wartime diplomacy. He was still a lightning rod decades later: In 2015, an appearance by the 91-year-old Kissinger before the Senate Armed Services Committee was disrupted by protesters demanding his arrest for war crimes and calling out his actions in Southeast Asia, Chile and beyond.

Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born in the Bavarian city of Fuerth on May 27, 1923, the son of a schoolteacher. His family left Nazi Germany in 1938 and settled in Manhattan, where Heinz changed his name to Henry.

Kissinger had two children, Elizabeth and David, from his first marriage.

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